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More than 850 million people globally are affected by kidney diseases, including chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury. CKD alone affects nearly 700 million people. According to World Health Organization data, kidney disease rose from the 19th leading cause of death in 2000 to the 9th in 2021, with fatalities increasing by 95%.
In Hong Kong, about 1 in every 10 adults has some degree of chronic kidney disease, which is very common. If not detected and treated in time, CKD can progress to severe kidney failure, with a greater impact on the body. At the end-stage of kidney failure, patients need dialysis or a kidney transplant to sustain life; otherwise, it can be fatal.
What is chronic kidney failure?
The kidneys’ primary functions are to excrete waste products generated by metabolism, regulate the body’s water, electrolytes, acid–base balance, and blood pressure, produce erythropoietin, and help activate vitamin D. If kidney function is severely and persistently damaged for various reasons, its function is impaired. Waste accumulates in the body, triggering multiple systemic problems. This is chronic kidney failure.
How is chronic kidney failure tested and diagnosed?
People with suspected symptoms should consult a family doctor. Because the signs of kidney disease and chronic kidney failure are often not obvious, multiple tests are needed, including:
Kidney biopsy: under local anaesthesia, a needle extracts a small piece of kidney tissue. This method carries risks.
Urine tests: a 24-hour urine collection to check creatinine concentration, protein amount, and the presence of red blood cells, white blood cells, and protein.
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